Enounce My Speed Pirated

PRELIMINARY ISSUES

failure of the process of access to lexical meaning to interpret sentences and statements:
processes of lexical access are necessary but insufficient to understand meaning of words. It is also necessary to organize the individual lexical meanings in complex units (sentences) and analyze / interpret these sentences that let you transmit communications.

need other types of knowledge, specifically: grammatical structure, plot or thematic roles and knowledge of the world:
in sentence comprehension (CO) is necessary to use knowledge and strategies that go beyond the mere combination of individual lexical meanings. Require the analysis of message structure (syntax), arguments, or thematic roles, and knowledge of the world.

Problems posed by the relationship between the process of analysis of sentence structure and thematic role assignment or argument:
refers to the determination of the relationship between them (structural analysis and mapping thematic roles), the degree of autonomy among these processes.

role of pragmatic component in this process:
The meaning of verbal messages is not limited to the semantic or propositional representation, but includes also a pragmatic or communicative component. This is evident in the illocutionary force of the statement (in the capacity of language to express and convey, beyond the immediate content of beliefs, attitudes and expectations of the speaker to his interlocutor).

literal meaning versus indirect or direct or implied:
If for understand the meaning of the messages is necessary to derive syntactic and semantic structures to gain a thorough understanding of them is to transcend its literal meaning and discover the indirect sense hiding behind it (which is the most important).

Concept of strategies / action routine cognitive linguistics. Constraints under which they operate:
Refers to the understanding that it is necessary to be effective speaker and listener share and a common linguistic code (grammar), a series of extra-linguistic knowledge related to speech, to the situation and states mental the speaker.

PROCESSING COMPONENTS OF PRAYERS

processes: parsing and semantic interpretation. Definition of each in that cognitive processes:
parsing or parsing, is a cognitive process of assigning a constituent structure to prayer. It is therefore necessary to establish the structural relationships between words and between other sentence constituents broader (phrases).
Semantic analysis: cognitive process that assigns to each phrase semantic role and these roles are organized around the predicate that defines the structure of the message semantics (propositional representation of the statement).

Problems raised by the definition of processes (parsing and semantic) as the independent cognitive processes:
Refers to the assumption that the process of assigning sentence structure (parsing) are autonomous with respect to semantic interpretation ( semantic processing) in language comprehension. Thus, Schank in conceptual dependency theory rejects the use of syntactic knowledge, semantic representation for enough. Instead Marslen Wilson et al., Proposed dependency models where the processes of semantic analysis to reach decisions conditional parser for understanding.

Main components of processing in sentence comprehension. What each one of them, how each other operates, which raises theoretical issues and know how to generate examples: Segmentation
input representation (sequence of lexical items) in structural units that determine the borders (border-unit clause language organized around a verb and a predicate, and border Phrase-constitutional language that represents the maximum projection of a core-) between the units and group words that belong to each unit. Assigning roles
structural (syntactic tags) is segmented linguistic constituents recognize the grammatical category of lexical items that constitute nuclei of phrase, in order to establish their identity (name in the SN, SV verb, etc. .) This allows us to identify the role of each constituent in the sentence structure. Establishing
dependencies or relationships between segmented or labeled constituents: it involves the reconstruction of the hierarchical structure of syntactic constituents or phrase marker, it is represented by syntax trees or by square brackets. Correspondence
search syntactic-semantic or syntactic correlation between paper (SN, SV, subject, object, etc..) And thematic roles (agent, patient, theme, etc.). Is the latest step of parsing, ie the transformation of the structural representation of the sentence in a propositional representation in terms of concepts. Representation
mental-propositional-type of sentence meaning: it refers to the construction of prayer is sometimes necessary to use information that is not explicit in her

Concepts and function of semantic inferences:
To understand the prayers and integrate them into the context of discourse is necessary to include representation the meaning of certain information not explicitly stated in them (inferences). Difficulties
inferences:

1. Explain how and when processing has access to the implicit information that is part of the semantic representation of the statement.
2. need to put a limit on the number of inferences to to avoid excessive inflation of claims that exceed the processing capabilities of the system.

STRATEGIES AND ANALYSIS OF PROCESSING SYNTACTIC AUTONOMY

refers to the set of cognitive routines that allow the language processor to first obtain a structural representation of the statement and then propositional. These action strategies operate under constraints of time, attention and memory, without being a true reflection of the rules of grammar.

Problems arising in this field:
Question to what extent these strategies is purely linguistic or, conversely, a general cognitive nature.
question of the relationship between syntactic and semantic processes in language comprehension.

formal orientation and functional orientation:

formalist-autonomous Guidance:
Conventional: structural analysis processes in language performance are a reflection of competition. Defined by autonomy. Also structural strategies. Hypothesis
segmentation clauses:
two postulates:

1. Messages are segmented and organized in the listener's MCP clauses, ie linguistic units organized around a verb.
2. each clause information is recorded in a linear fashion and at the end of it is made to parsing and semantic content is encoded in a more abstract and store it in the MLP.

This hypothesis has three implications:

1. predicts that the analysis and interpretation of the clauses impose a computational overhead around the border and no provision for their reception. Is confirmed by a subsidiary task (detection of some phenomenon when listening to words.)
2. predicts that the memory of the current clause has to be more faithful than that preserved her previous clauses. Confirmed in studies of immediate recall of sentences.
3. assumption that the units in understanding perceptual segmentation are defined in purely structural. Question is: why the clause first encodes syntactic units (grammatical relations) and conceptual (thematic relations between arguments, etc.), Being difficult to distinguish between the two, and second, the segmentation process clauses of the text depends on other factors others, such as degree of cohesion, dependency structure / function between clauses, relative position of the subordinate and main clauses.

parsing strategies:
syntactic processor assigns the first available analysis, using structural strategies, regardless of the semantic features of the message. These strategies are:

1. minimal attachment strategy: the processor must choose the less complex structure of all possible, ie that fewer nodes postulating syntactic potentially unnecessary. This strategy will opt for early closure of the clause.
2. late closure strategy: requires the attachment of each new component to the syntactic unit that is being analyzed, that is, to the nearest of all possible. Produces effects opposite to those of minimal attachment, so often comes into conflict with the minimal attachment strategy. Also called the principle of partnership on the right. Linkage Strategies
3. empty categories: consists in assigning syntactic constituents to trace displayed on the surface structure of the sentence as a result of the implementation of the transformational rule  move. The displaced element must be linked or associated with the position occupied in the deep structure (and leaving a trace or empty category in the surface structure).

-functional interactive Guidance:
Functionalist: structural analysis processes in language performance are caused by general properties of human perception and cognition. Defended by interactionists. Also non-structural strategies.

continuous decoding Hypothesis (Marsen-Wilson)
processing takes place word by word. The receipt of each new lexical item kicks syntactic and semantic processes that operate in parallel and incrementally, ie, building step by step a propositional representation of the sentence. Details for:

1. Follow-up studies in which embodied the influence of semantic and pragmatic information in the perception of prayer.
2. shorter response latencies when the word was a proper continuation of the fragment when it was not.

parsing strategies:
must be understood as factors or variables that determine the use of strategies as strategies themselves. They insist that the semantic information present in the context of the sentence / speech is accessible to the syntactic processor, leading in advance the choice of analysis. These are variables that facilitate or block the choice of strategies that allow an adequate understanding of prayer:

1. conceptual relations (lexical conceptual information): Sometimes you have to resort to non-syntactic information to properly interpret the sentence, and are the conceptual relationships between certain lexical items which facilitate or inhibit the use of either strategy. A verb can be induced to predict the arguments of a sentence, because the verbs carry with them a theme or plot structure. Although not known in advance to the thematic structure appropriate to a context, it seems that certain thematic preferences associated with each verb (perhaps for reasons of frequency of use)
2. Information referential or pragmatic context: The information that the subject will receive throughout the text creates a scenario referential or pragmatic context that determines the interpretation of successive sentences and thus the implementation of parsing strategies.

position between autonomy and interactive (interactive position probably indicates the guide):
weak version of the hypothesis of the clause.

postulates that sentence processing is a course where alternating discontinuous periods of increased computational load with other homes. Details for: Studies

1. records eye movements. Tasks
2. -paced reading.

In both types of experiments, we found effects such as siding, siding prayers require going back and retest, since they cause syntactic and semantic errors resulting from premature commitment to a contract processor of possible analysis prayer.

approach of the controversy between interactive and autonomous position:
autonomous models used in structural strategies parsing, in view of the processing economy. By having a limited capacity processor, is seeking a compromise fast-effectiveness in decision making, for it uses automatic routines that work from syntactic information.
Interactive models insist that the semantic information present in prayer is equally accessible to the syntactic processor, leading to advance the election of non-structural analysis strategies that interact with the syntactic information in making decisions.

PROCESSING MODELS OF PRAYERS

basic postulates, objectives, types of architecture and type of information: basic postulates
:
are inherited from the disappointment of the psycholinguistic theories by acting directly incorporating the rules of competition. However welcome the inclusion of linguistic knowledge in the processes of action, albeit with varying degrees of acquiescence and media.

Objectives:
seeks to explain the microarchitecture of system understanding, ie, are at a molecular level of explanation. However, each one deals with quite different theoretical problems principles and assumptions and using different and sometimes incompatible.

Architecture and type of information:

self

	Artificial Intelligence Model Model		interactionist model
	Computer Architecture / Classical Computational	/ classic	Connectionist (parallel)
Information Type	structural Only	Structural, semantic and contextual	First structural, semantic and contextual then.

Critical Reflections:
problem of indeterminacy of meaning affects

1. classical architecture models derived from the discrete nature, diffuse or probability of some of the linguistic representations that are computed during language comprehension.
2. This problem relates to the proliferation of lexical meanings, the difficulty of interpreting the semantic roles of sentence constituents and the variety of inferences can be made.
3. The solution might be to increase the computing capacity of the system (the system multiplies the alternative interpretations of statements), or to restrict this ability (forcing the system to get an early commitment to a possible interpretation, discarding remaining). Problem

compositional language affects

1. connectionist architecture models componential nature, formal or otherwise combinatorial representations involved in language.
2. This problem relates to the productivity and systematicity of language, which are explained by appealing to a knowledge of rules and principles abstract and formal elementary symbols are applied to generate other more complex symbols.
3. The solution would be to replace the syntax for other substitutes that mimic the effects exerted by the application of rules for understanding the structure dependent on the interpretation of meaning.

A broader problem, based on the previous two is determine what architecture should be attributed to the mind, while intentional system and what are the principles that guide its operation. Distinguishes between two positions:

1. The classical view advocates a logical model of the mind, whereby the governing its operation are formal or structural properties of mental states.
2. connectionist posture change represents a return to a more naturalistic conception of mind, that what determines its operation are the referential properties or content of mental states and not the structure of these states.

Inferential IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF SENTENCES

types of inferences:
integration processes: more basic operations include making use of explicit information reflected in the prayers, either phonological, lexical, syntactic or semantic. Its aim is to integrate different types of information present in prayer in a single representation in memory. Eg lexical access, parsing, interpretation of the sentence.
building or inferential processes, involving more than the mere selection and reorganization of the content of prayer. Involve include elements of information that are not explicitly present in the statements. Rebuilding the representation of meaning from both explicit information items (present) and implicit in the text.

integration processes versus processes of construction:
integrative and constructive processes of interpretation and memory of sentences are not separate phenomena. It is sometimes necessary to use information not explicit in prayer to integrate different parts that are seemingly unrelated. Sometimes, the inferences we make to understand the language determine how to integrate the information in the representation of meaning.

perceptual and cognitive inferences:
perceptual inferences, are automatic, mandatory, temporary investments. Processes are encapsulated (modular) that occur in early stages of stimulus processing (syntactic processing) so they are independent of extralinguistic variables. Inferences
cognitive, not derived automatically and immediately and are under cognitive control. Depend on strategies that make use of general knowledge (semantic and pragmatic) that operate in a controlled, slow and elaborate.
processes perceptual and cognitive inferences in comprehension tasks do not occur simultaneously, but that the perceptual cognitive follow. This hypothesis is tested by the phenomenon of linkage of the constituents of his background in prayer (interpretation of anaphora).

Resolution Process of anaphora:
Anaphora is an expression that has the same meaning as another that precedes (or follows) in the speech. Anaphora resolution is a coreference link between two or more expressions that share the same meaning: anaphora and its corresponding antecedent. Anaphora can be purchased either by identity meaning of reference (anaphora and antecedent refer to the same real world entity) or by identity content (anaphor and antecedent have the same meaning although they share the same reference, although relating to the same category of things do not concern the same object).
The linguistic units most common expressions are anaphoric pronouns, phrases or even full clauses.
The anaphora resolution process can be seen, in general terms, as a special case of process memory integrated into the various parts or elements of a speech in order to maintain the cohesion of it. The presence or absence of an explicit antecedent is an extremely important process of anaphora resolution: if the linguistic context does not provide a clear and unequivocal precedent that bind the anaphor, it is necessary to resort to extra-linguistic knowledge (cognitive inferences). If all the necessary elements resolving anaphora are present in the speech, the interpretation process may be directly and immediately (perceptual inference). Experimental results
:

1. When the antecedent is explicitly mentioned in the discourse, its activation occurs automatically and concurrent receipt of anaphora.
2. cognitive inferences are not made strictly on the fly, but with a slight delay.

literal meaning and milled
studies perceptual and cognitive inferences raises two implications:

1. The interpretation of the meaning sentence is carried out by inference perceptual (encapsulated processes exploit only information present in prayer and occur concurrently receiving the message) and cognitive inferences (unencapsulated processes open to different types of information that occur with a slight delay on receiving the message.)
2. encapsulated processes (perceptual inferences) produce representations of literal or direct meaning of the sentence, whereas nonencapsulated (cognitive inferences) result of representations made or indirect means.

These two implications are to characterize the understanding of prayer as an activity divided into three discrete, sequential stages:

1. The listener constructs the literal or direct meaning of the utterance.
2. The listener decides whether the literal meaning is appropriate to the semantic and pragmatic context.
3. If the meaning is inappropriate to the context, meaning derives developed to fit those characteristics. So the literal meaning of the statement is always intermediate representation to which access is essential in order to derive its other meanings.

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Kentucky Derby Dresses

Language Comprehension Comprehension Speech Language

INTRODUCTION

Is a level in its own right?
need to differentiate a different self-psychological level of vocabulary and sentence in language comprehension and production. This level would be the text or speech. Has own properties and laws of composition.
vocabulary and sentence level provide a partial picture of language comprehension, which define how the psychological construct of language elements, but not its products. Hence the need to differentiate a new self-psychological level, a level of discourse: text or speech. Problem
the linguistic or purely psychological processes involved in this level:

1. is required to differentiate a new self-psychological level, a discursive level. Language comprehension level includes suprasentential, with specific properties and compositional own laws: the discourse is defined by the coherence that depends only on the form and meaning of the prayers that comprise it also results from processes that allow the transmission molars of intent, which structurally exceed the level of sentences. The speech comprehension processes involved make a strong inferential processes are not only decoding.
2. speech understanding requires a decoding process (of linguistic nature) and an inferential process (of a psychological nature).
3. Any unit of discourse is derived from a compromise between the tacit and explicit, as in the speech does not always make explicit all the ideas necessary for understanding.

conceptual priority:
conceptual dependency theory of Shank: basic assumptions.
The basic assumption is that the process of understanding is guided by highly abstract entities, propositional or conceptual in nature (called conceptualizations), whose core are the primitive concepts. They also include scripts, goals and plans. Common conceptualizations to sentences synonymous and include no explicit ideas in the speech, but necessary for their understanding. Can be:

1. In Action (whose general form is: Actor-Action-Object-Address). They are primitive concepts.
2. of state (whose general form is: Object-State)

conceptual primitives and the notation:
acts are primitive or ultimate principles on which decompose lexical items. Can be understood as semantic primitives that are included in the meaning of verbs. These categories are not verbs, but last components of the action.
Notation:

1. ATRANS: Transfers a relationship or possession
2. MTRANS: Information object
3. MOVE: Move a body part
4. SPEAK: Make sounds
5. Attend: Attending to a stimulus
6. PTRANS: Physical location of an object
7. PROPEL: Apply a force on
8. object INGEST / EXPEL: To enter / leave some
9. MBUILD: Develop

prior information states (expectations, mental and physical states of consciousness, etc..) also reduced to some primitive and organized in scales. Other sequences
concepts: scripts, goals, plans,
conceptual primitives are not sufficient to ensure an understanding of simple units of speech, so take the scripts (or representations of knowledge in the long-term episodic memory about courses of action that occur in everyday situations). Since scripts are also insufficient, we use goals and plans, as the nature of intentions and their relationships largely determine the course of understanding.
failure of a purely conceptual approach to understanding the speech: There

1. purely linguistic phenomena such as anaphoric reference that go beyond sentence boundaries and require a level of discourse analysis. It is unclear
2. that the speech involves a massive predominance of top-down mechanisms are purely conceptual. It is more understandable a model where the level of discourse is the link between language-specific mechanisms (such as allowing processing sentence syntax) and global systems of thought (which are based on general procedures of inferences and general knowledge bases on the world that are represented in the cognitive system).
3. To understand is not enough to know the language (you must also use a wide range of knowledge and ideas shared on the world), but that does not mean "just language skills necessary for understanding.

CODE OF PROPOSALS OR IDEAS

What is remembered for a speech is the meaning organized in semantic memory by means of propositions and ideas, not sparing the way language, which evaporates quickly.
memory characteristics of the speech appeared to reflect the existence of different memories for the explicit linguistic form and meaning.
cognitive research on memory have established for the long-term memory is organized in terms of meanings. The remaining representation not identified with the linguistic form, but admits synonymous sentences, which brings us to a more abstract code (the proposals or ideas).
This feature of the memory of the speech is based on research on:

1. Recognition of sentences: subjects identified as synonymous sentences presented. Confidence in recognition increases if the sentence contains a greater number of ideas that were in the previous list, although the test sentences were not present in this list.
2. format recognition: subjects often fail to recognize if an idea has been presented as an image or prayer, and also to treat to identify the language in which it was submitted (in bilingual subjects).

PROPOSITION

characteristics and properties:
Propositions are abstract functional units of meaning, of a mental language that is not composed of mental images or sentences (are amodal or supramodal), or identify with the language, but allows it to have meaningful and computable. The proposals involve a minimum of preaching something (a property, action, relationship, etc.) About something (an object, argument, etc.). Properties:

1. knowledge units
2. analytical in nature have an abstract nature
3. possess truth value
4. rules are defined by explicit training

purely external or notational differences and substantive differences between the various propositional models: Schank versus Kintsch:

experimental model

	Schank	Kintsch
external differences or notational representation	Estrutural	Representation: parentheses and letters
Substantive differences		Primitive semantic concepts are the same size as the words
	Method Simulation Model (IA)

basic ideas Kintsch model: surface
Text: The text facing the reader / listener and is composed of words and sentences. Text
base: It consists of ideas, concepts and propositions, constitutes a representation made in understanding processes, taking as starting the text area, and serves to make it into production processes.
Predicate and argument: The components of the proposition. The predicate is an element that says some of / the argument / s. Similarly, arguments can maintain different relationships with the predicate (agent, object). The words-concepts can be used either as arguments or predicates, according to the lexicon. Microstructure of the base text
: This refers to relations between propositions that share common grounds, according to a recurrence rule that determines the consistency. It is a hierarchical network of propositions, whose relevant psychological level is a function of holding the proposition. Model
situation: Refers to a non-textual level of analysis, consisting of inferences. It is built using the knowledge base text and therefore it can be inferred are not propositions, but links.

Event of referential coherence. Repetition of arguments rule
The assumption of referential coherence means that the propositions share the same referents, concepts and arguments. Define the microstructure of the base text.
The repetition of arguments rule states that the arguments that are repeated are identical, unless otherwise noted, and can sort the propositions of the text objectively base, assigning them to different hierarchical levels.

VALUE PROPOSITION UNITS AS PSYCHOLOGICAL

refers to the ability of the propositions to predict or simulate the behavior, to explain something that would be impossible without them.

experimental paradigms that reveal:
cued recall:
words corresponding to concepts of the same unit propositional memory keys are more effective than those that refer to different propositional units, even when the distance of the first surface in the text is larger than the latter.
free recall:
propositional units tend to remember complete (as a whole), irrespective of their familiarity or semantic plausibility.
Facilitation by priming in recognition tasks:
The facilitation effect is greater when the priming word and the recognized word belonged to the same proposition, and less when they belonged to different propositions, even if they were part of the same sentence. Tracking
words of sentences presented at a rapid rate constant:
Subjects repeated words in sentences of a single proposition in other multiple. We show that the processing of the proposals interfere with the monitoring task. Research
with time delay:
We show that the propositions are encoded in the process of understanding, and few subjects recalled more propositions, the higher their reading time. This time also appears to increase as the number of new concepts.
With the moving window technique has been shown that the number of propositions does not influence the time to read every word.
Evidence converged on free recall experiments, priming in recognition, tracking and reading time is a sufficient basis to sustain the idea that propositions are psycholinguistic processing units involved in word comprehension and retention. The results of the moving window are not sufficient to deny these results.

The effect of levels: (not specified in the guide)
propositions and ideas contained in a text does not remember all alike, and may not be processed at the same depth or attention. It has been demonstrated in studies of reading time, where the memory depended on their level in the propositional hierarchy based texts. The memory goes from 90% at level 1 to 60% at level 5.
There are divergences in the theoretical interpretation of the effect of levels:

1. representational accessibility hypothesis: The above ideas are remembered better because their mental representations figure prominently in the memory (hierarchy), and are more accessible to be better integrated into the structures of memory in use need to understand the text.
2. inferential reconstruction hypothesis, may explain part of the effect of memory levels because the meaning is an essentially reconstructive. However, the inferential processes involved in understanding also influence as evidenced by the fact that false alarms in the recognition does not necessarily imply higher response times.

macrostructure and THEME CONCEPT

Throughout the process of understanding, people do more than codify proposals also make them a conceptual structure. Made an active process that can build worlds of ideas consistent with different weights and paper. Developed a macro that involves abstraction functions (IFFERENCES) that allow an understanding beyond the explicit text.

Concepts local and global consistency. Macrorules and their types:
global coherence refers to the relationships established within a text and refer to an issue referred to the whole speech. Are superior to local coherence relations in the global units of meaning to which it embodies are irreducible to more molecular, and semantic features, the microproposiciones or lexemes.
local coherence refers to the connection between propositions by argument. Here are surface-related proposals, but the local consistency does not imply a coherent text.
macrorules and their types: semantic projection rules are linking lower-level propositions (microproposiciones or ideas expressed in the text) with other higher-level (macropropositions or ideas that capture their essential content.) Thus, derive the overall meaning of a discourse based on the meanings of the sentences it contains. Three types:

1. Deletion: Given a sequence of propositions, eliminating those that do not constitute conditions for the interpretation of other propositions. These are the lowest level of the propositional structure of the text which is not incorporated into the macrostructure.
2. generalization: given a sequence propositions, they can be replaced by a more general, that include and reflect in its most general sense.
3. Construction: sequences of propositions which are conditions or consequences of a more global components can be replaced by this.

The theme
proposition is the highest level in the hierarchy of the macro, which allows a better understanding (activate appropriate schemas and scripts), integration (organizing and integrating the ideas of the text) I remember the speech. The thematic importance is reflected in indices such as:

1. Connectivity: the number of connections that every proposition has with others in the text base. Thus, the relevance of a proposition depends on the number of connections made with others.
2. Membership: in the speech there are ideas that are inserted (belong) in a general framework for relations with central and other points which continues the chain is not rational.

SCHEMES: GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE WORLD THAT INVOLVED IN THE UNDERSTANDING

What are
Refer to the organization of knowledge. Cognitive structures are generic high-level, hierarchical and interconnected, which contains knowledge prototypes.

formal and psychological properties:
As formal property, more molecular patterns are integrated into more molar, forming an inclusive structure of the cognitive system.
As psychological ownership, they are structures that organize all human knowledge.

How active in the processing (comprehension and recall):
act as essential tools of inference, to contain pre-stored relations and specific variables, which could explain the tacit nature of the propositions involved in understanding.

specific features of them:
Integration and word processing, facilitation of inferences and predictions, and selection and control of information.

schema types:
The schemes studied are more situational or hyphens. These are packets of information concerning stereotyped sequence of actions related by contiguity and causation.
Other schemes include schemes or frameworks of perception, situational, social, abstract domain, self, etc.

both theoretical and empirical difficulties schemes:
The theoretical finding that may be inflexible. Understanding is more versatile than suggested by a rigid application of schemes on stereotyped sequence of events, such as those represented by the classic scripts.
The empirical finding that it is possible to understand speech and texts that do not correspond with any script stored in memory. This does not invalidate the notion of script, always recognizing that the scripts are not sufficient for understanding, need general rules of inference.

Alternative Proposals:
According to Rumelhart et al., The solution to the inflexibility comes to consider schemes such as network configurations, which instaciarán to achieve stable states, in accordance with principles of balance inherent in connectionist networks. These networks would have a greater degree of flexibility that the classical and the appearance of inflexibility of these, would be an illusory effect of the classical psychological perspective.
According to Kintsch, the speech depends much more bottom-up mechanisms than assumed by classical models of schemes. Thus, discourse processing the first phase would involve bottom-up activation of word meanings, and automatic recall of propositions and inferences, which in a second phase would be selected and refined based on the context the first phase activator (similar to the independent model).

MENTAL MODELS

Definition:
Representation of situations to which the speech refers to (the referent) and not the representation of the discourse itself. Are reference models that can take the stage name, mental model, situation model, etc.

Features:
are dynamic representations, which are transformed and developed over comprehension process.
possess some degree of structural similarity with their referents (as opposed to propositions).
preserve, in its forms and relationships, aspects and relations determined by the worlds they represent (phenomenological questions about his character and equality with mental images). Specify
objects, events, characters who are active and accessible in memory and guide the processing of speech.

Forms action / processing of mental models and scenarios:
When we understand a text or discourse, as soon as possible to build some mental scenarios of situations defined by these units larger language. The initial scenarios define the further processing of the speech, and this allows a more precise definition and complete the scenarios or mental models.

Differences propositional theories:
theory of mental models (= interactive)

• Similar to how the proposed interactive model of context for early intervention in the processes of lexical retrieval, mental models suggest that the understanding of discourse, certain representations made early referential (the scenarios and models) are involved from the initial stages of processing (question the linguistic level of understanding).
• properly linguistic challenge the view that the level of text comprehension.

propositional theories (= self)

• propose the formation first of a microstructure, defined by local coherence relations between microproposiciones and after a tour of the microstructure macrostructure and general knowledge about the speech (discourse grammar) and about the world (frames, schemas, scripts).
• affirm the need for proper textual processes (construction of micro and macro). Reviews

fundamental to the concept of model Mental
Little development of the notion of mental model. Thus, one can only characterize as a "good feeling.
not always possible to establish a precise demarcation on the idea of \u200b\u200bscheme, and the representational nature of mental models is uncertain.
not allow a clear definition of its primitive representations, or code that are represented (images or not), or the importance of phenomenological expression.
not define precise cognitive models, ie, with sufficient computational definition, allowing a step by step explanation of the microgenesis of discourse comprehension.

Tests for intervention in the early stages of processing:
theoretical level these models could explain and reinterpret phenomena such as coreference (discourse expressions refer to the same type of situation), overall consistency (also defined in the model of the situation and not only at the level of discourse) and perspective (defined models and perspectives vary depending on the perspective from which to build).
At the empirical level, there is evidence that certain discursive inferences are guided by scenarios, and become more difficult as involve the modification of one's own mental models, or the incorporation of information that is difficult to reconcile with them.

INFERENCES AND TEXTUAL DISCOURSE

Commitment enters the encoded information and the inferred discourse comprehension:
Any text or speech can be conceived as a sort of compromise between a set of encoded information and another set inferable, so that textual and discursive units do not usually make explicit all the information that is necessary for understanding.

basic dichotomies around which is organized research in this field and problems of each: Separation of researchers
modularity of interactive-contextual. Involves the distinction between perceptual and cognitive inferences.
text-based theories versus theories based on mental models.
between comprehension and memory, which would match that is between early and advanced stages of understanding.

perceptual and cognitive inferences. Types of cognitive, perceptual
inferences are encapsulated, automatic and very fast. Are a subset of the inferences involved in establishing coreference for language comprehension. Limited to determine the reference of anaphoric elements explicit or implicit in the speech.
cognitive inferences involved in a second phase mental computational speech processing in the task of integration, beyond the identification of anaphoric ties. Their types are required and elective or elaborative.

necessary inferences (inferences bridge, retrospective or implicatures). Features:
necessary inferences are essential to link the linguistic unit to another unit before. The necessary inferences are also called bridging inferences: necessary to establish a bridge between the first and second sentence. In the literature, logic and language are also called implicatures (the bridge involves propositions and even causal inferences). Dato bridge inferences imply a reference to a linguistic unit above, have also been called retrospective.
Features:

• in understanding are made. Involve the assessment of general knowledge (enitemas).
• The difficulty of understanding the linguistic inputs depends on the difficulty of access to enitemas (general knowledge) and the difficulty to evaluate them.
• are needed to define consistency.
• consume cognitive resources, as reflected in the time of comprehension.

optional or elaborative inferences. Features:
are not strictly necessary for understanding. They have a forward-looking. Are more linked to the role of filling gaps and involve the knowledge of objects, situations and relationships that are evoked in relation to the scenarios referred to the texts.
Features: Meet

• processing function, variable according to readers' personal characteristics, intentions, etc.
• are part of the most interactive more sensitive to the thought processes and less automated process of discourse comprehension.

GIVEN THE NEW AND THE

In a speech pragmatic producer is required to identify issues, which are then shared with the receiver and add any new information, they also added previous thematic information. Thus, understanding the speech is an activity that involves processes of memory access and retrieval of information in the possession, assimilation of new ideas to those given, the definition of anchor points between each other, etc. Inferences such bridge, the strategy of minimum speech (which is that the speech contains only the necessary information), the inferential nature of speech, etc.

process of assimilating new information to already given:
The receiver expects the producer's speech marked use information given to mean that they have in advance, and marked as to refer to new information do not know.

integration between production and comprehension processes:
comprehension and production can be understood as activities cooperatives, which performs the cognitive system in order to develop a shared set of beliefs, knowledge, ideas and intentions, through processes of new information from the information shared.

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Production

INTRODUCTION

The ability to speak is a distinctive and enigmatic features of the human species. Nevertheless, as the analysis of the principles governing speech is an essential component of language activity, the language production has been a little known.
The reason is the difficulty of using experimental methods. Thus, the researcher deals with a process that is observable only in the last phase. You can not control variables influencing the input (ideas, beliefs, etc.), Or restrict types of responses to the subject, without limiting the validity of their conclusions. In any case it will have an output (the string of sounds that constitute speech) that it is observable and measurable.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE TYPES OF PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF LANGUAGE

Psychological / cognitive (mental faculties horizontal)
During speech activity the subject must select the content of their messages from activated representations in memory, ie, attentional processes, motivational and memory in general and unspecific nature of domain . At the same time the selection of a representation as linguistic content of a message involves performing certain mental operations on the representation.

Linguistic / grammatical
When subjects communicate through language, using combinations of linguistic signs that can be interpreted by their partners, ie construct meaningful sentences and grammatically acceptable, non-random series of words.

Communicative / instrumentals:
speech is also an instrumental activity, as subjects of linguistic forms issue they consider most effective in every moment of social interaction and communication process with social consequences, which is influenced by factors pragmatists such as intentional communicative goals of the speaker, the social context where it occurs, knowledge of partners on itself, etc.

generic phases or stages of language production. Characterization of each. Levelt's model: Levelt
proposes a cognitive model of the production process. According to him there are three stages or processing components

1. planning or conceptualization stage, the subjects selected the communicative content of his message. These activities are intentional, though not necessarily conscious. The result is the development of an information packet called prelinguistic message. This phase occurs in the conceptualizer.
2. linguistic encoding phase or formulation: the prelinguistic message is translated into a linguistic format. Involves the use of language and grammar. Requires the progressive specification of the structural units (phrases, words, etc.) Who will address the speech to set the phonetic plan or representation of the ordered set of linguistic units that make up the prayer. The result of this phase is the phonetic plan or internal speech.
3. peripheral or joint processes: it is not necessary for the internal language. Linguistic representations that make up the phonetic plan are translated into a code or motor plan that starts the sequence of movements of the muscular structures involved in speech production. A motor execution of such acts called speech production.

The model also provides a feedback loop through the speech comprehension system, which influences the conceptualizer. Feedback may arise from phonetic plan or inner speech, and from the speech says, coming into play hearing systems.

difference between speech production and speech production:
Speech production refers to the execution of motor plan or sequence of movements of the muscular structures involved in the articulation of sounds, while production of language speech production involves more stages of conceptualization and formulation.

Alternatives to address the production of language by a psycholinguistic theory:
functionalist approach:

1. Speech is an act that involves intentional and instrumental extralinguistic elements such as the issuer and its attitudes and propositional referential content of their messages.
2. psychological explanation assumes that the speech should include an analysis of the processes of linguistic coding of messages and one of the most central processes prior conceptualization.
3. is assumed that non-linguistic factors (perceptual salience, relevance, communication, etc.) can influence encoding processes modifying certain aspects of linguistic form of messages.

formalistic approach:

1. The formulation of the messages is done through independent computational processes involved in intentional decision to perform an act of speech.
2. The psychological explanation of the speech should be limited to the definition of specific formal operations the system performs to construct the messages, ie, operations involving the use of grammatical information.
3. is assumed that production processes are identical sentences, whether they are true and false, effective or not, since its functioning following a course invariant only determined by the grammar.

Tradition versus psychological linguistic
psychological tradition for the functionalist approach, and the formal language.

criteria structuring of this field in separate models that address the production of sentences and texts and speeches:
From the 60's, due to the development of the linguistic context, the interest in analyzing more molar units of representation and computer simulation techniques, there was a shift towards the study of discourse production (multioracionales sequences).
models of speech production based on the assumption that the need to string sentences in a discourse involves operations and types of information that in no case are gathered in a production model sentences. Using computer simulation as a method to them closer to the studies of artificial intelligence to Experimental Psychology.
Due to the influence of Chomsky, studies now focus on the production of individual sentences, responses context-that seem most appropriate in modeling functional architecture of language processing.
In the production of sentences, to be issued a single sentence or a set of them chained in a speech not change the nature of the operations involved in the construction of individual sentences and fit better in the use of observational and experimental methods.

CONCEPTUAL PLANNING MESSAGES

Macro-and micro-processes messages:
The end result of the coordinated implementation of macro and micro process is called post-verbal representation of the sentence, corresponding representation in its linguistic formulation, the representation of the deep structure of generative grammar. Macro-Processes
:

1. planning processes include global discourse.
2. are responsible for the selection of content and global structure of discourse and rhetorical style, as well as defining the semantic and pragmatic contents of groups of individual utterances of speech and their relative order in the sequence it linear.
3. also other processes that affect the development of representations of individual speech utterances, such as those involved in the selection of the basic information content of the statements and the processes responsible for the selection and establishment of relations between predicates and arguments (specification of the thematic structure of the message).

micro processes:
apply directly to the construction of individual statements, would be responsible for outlining the specific structural decisions arising from previous decisions. Thus, these processes are examples of specific linguistic form presentation of the referents of the sentence, the perspective from which the various thematic groups should be presented, the position of lexical items in sentence (linearization) and the time and manner verbs.

markers input concept (I-marker):
protoverbales units are representations of elements and relationships between elements, which contain conceptual information without further words, but do contain specific information about how they built the linguistic statements therefore distinguish pre-theoretical notions are more general and abstract as the meaning or intent of message. The Input-markes
, with grammatical rules (in relation, matching, intonation, phonological) form the model of Schlesinger.

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Language Production and Conversation

INTRODUCTION

Joint Character processing components involved in the production of language: grammar and extragrammatical:
verbal production involves both grammatical operations (operations largely automatic reflecting properties and grammatical type constraints) and use of semantic information and pragmatic not strictly grammatical.

Concept interface between cognitive activity and linguistics: Some
knowledge structures and processes need to act as a link (or joints) between general cognitive activity (intention to communicate something, representations of the world, etc. ) and specifically linguistic operations.

The conversation as the primary and most genuine human linguistic activity, genetically determined:
The use of language is genetically related to the construction of communicative intentions that can only be made in social settings interactive. It is participating in talks, namely the production of coordinated series of exchanges of utterances by one or more partners in a given communicative situation.

communicative intentions: the processes of representation, planning and implementation Underlying
language production is an activity that the speaker presupposes the existence of an intention to communicate something to someone. The completion of this activity involves certain underlying processes: representation, planning and execution of intentional communicative messages.

Principles pragmatic governing the coordination of emissions in the conversation:
Gray cooperation principle: "let your conversation when it occurs, is of the type required for the purpose of the communicative exchange in which it intervenes."
Grice's conversational maxims: quantity, quality, relevance and manner. Other complementary
maximum courtesy, morality, charity, reality, and reciprocity.

SPEECH, CONVERSATION AND TEXT

conversational interaction as a paradigmatic case social interaction:
The study of communicative exchanges and their formal properties is seen as a paradigmatic case study of other forms of social activity. This has led to a unified theory of discourse and social interactions, based on the macro, these with common to both activities and realize as much of the regularities of cognitive processing.

Need a double competence: linguistic and pragmatic:
The communicative use of language can be seen as a form of behavior with at least two characteristics:

1. The fact that it involves the development of statements language grammar, which is in the speaker linguistic competence.
2. The fact that such statements tend to be acceptable contributions to the objectives of the exchange interaction or communication in which they occur, which presupposes a pragmatic competence.

internal and external constraints to the subject in this process:
communication through language can be seen primarily as a form of complex activity, the planning and implementation of these projects under the restrictions of both internal to the subject (the functional organization language processing system) and external (the demands of communicative context and the conditions it imposes on linguistic behavior.

Various conceptualizations of conversation and discourse: the object theoretical and empirical object as a form of representation:
As theoretical object: the speech coincides with the abstraction of general properties of a form of linguistic activity involving conducting series of speech acts in the same communicative context, by one or more speakers. It does not refer to the production of isolated individual statements.
empirical object: the speech refers to a set of specific speech acts take place in a context of space-time-communicative given and can be seen in that context.
As a form of representation: speaking is identified only with a form of activity, with a form of representation which the fellows build the global intentional propositional meaning of the messages that are issued in a given conversation.

implications entailed by the production of language considered as a form of interaction between individuals:
The linguistic realization of communicative intentions in conversational contexts often involves the planning and production of more than one speech act.

Various differential conceptualizations text and discourse:
As theoretical object, the text would be an abstraction referring to the interdependent conceptual, grammatical and functional between linguistic utterances produced during a speech. Expressed the construct that accounts for the fact that both monologues and dialogues have global properties that identify them as units in themselves.
empirical object: the text would be a structured and independent of linguistic statements that have been issued during a speech. It refers to a linguistic product which can be described in terms of formal structure, semantic content and pragmatic content.

speech production Definition:
is a set of representations (semantic, pragmatic and grammatical) and processes (cognitive and linguistic) that underlie the issue of planning and coordinated series of statements or written language communicative purposes in a conversational context.

Basic properties of the speech:
The fact that they are intentional behaviors that are performed in cooperative situations of social interaction, ie in the talks.
The fact that they are units of language in use, ie, speech acts that occur in physical, social and communicative, both specific and changing. That
are superordinate units that have structural and functional regularities whose description should be in a grammatical level of the text, grammatical sentence than the level that applies to the syntactic and semantic properties of individual language statements.

PROPERTIES OF ADDRESS: COOPERATIVE intentional and

communicative intention Concept:
People usually speak for something, and what they say has an instrumental something about that claim. This is a trivial statement, everyday, perfectly accessible to introspection, but by no means easy to explain from a scientific theory.

illocutionary force concept:
refers to the ability of language to express and convey, beyond the immediate content, beliefs, attitudes and expectations of the speaker to his interlocutor. This is a pragmatic component of speech acts.

concept of speech act:
This coordinated series of utterances, such as assertions, requests, statements, etc.., Made by the subject with the intention of communicating with your partner.

Speech acts. Psychological principles underlying them and forms of conceptualization and formalization in IA:
The main principle underlying psychological speech acts which he has tried to account for the IA is the illocutionary force or communicative intent. Thus, it is understood that speech acts express notions centered on the speaker, even if it fails to be a psychological explanation to report on the representations and mental processes that allow the realization of effective communicative speech acts.
The formalization of psychological principles making the AI \u200b\u200bis common in this paradigm, ie computational descriptions by computer programs.

artificial intelligence as a scientific field that has developed the psychological characterization of the speech and by extension, speech acts, such as goal-oriented behavior:
From the perspective of AI, speech acts have been considered as goal-oriented behavior, ie, as instances of problem solving guided by objectives. This goal-directed behavior involves the construction plans by the intelligent system. The plans, in turn, are symbolic representations that pre-specified sequence of actions that the system must perform in order to achieve the goals or objectives.

processing components described in this area:
In the field of AI describes three kinds of components: speech acts, plans and actions.

speech acts considered as components of a planning system. Involved in explaining aspects of the same computer, ie, speech acts based on plans. Nuclei and basic computational procedures:

basic computational kernels:
Concept of factual knowledge or declarative: it refers to the set of symbolic descriptions (propositional) pertaining to the state of the world or some of their domains. This is a complex knowledge, declaratory, which consists of three elements / components:

1. general or encyclopedic knowledge.
2. knowledge of the communicative situation in which the discourse takes place. Understanding
3. world models that have partners. From a computational perspective, these models consist world, at least two components: firstly a schematic and general knowledge that everyone has on their partner by being a person and share with him certain characteristics; the other, knowledge, or more episodic or variable metarepresentations about knowledge, beliefs and desires of today's partners (which is called theory of mind), these metarepresentations is modified on the basis of communicative exchanges.

Operators or actions: refers to procedures that allow the system to influence the state of the world and change it. Given an initial state of the world and a goal state, a plan would be the sequence of actions that transforms the initial state into the goal. This would be a set of planned individual speech acts (speech acts) that specializes in achieving non-linguistic goals through speech acts. Other: Discourse, requests and production of statements.

inference engine: allows to link operators and factual knowledge. It refers to a set of rules defined in the form of condition-action pairs similar to those described in production systems. The parameters that define and determine the actions are:

1. The pre-conditions or conditions applicable to ensure that the action is given.
2. The effects of the implementation of the action.
3. The means by which the system execute.

computational procedures. Specifying the same:

1. Guided Procedures goals: involve the definition of an initial target (overall objective) and the derivation, by inference, sub (sub-goals). In the case of speech, individual speech acts could be viewed as subgoals of a global speech act containing information relating to the initial speaker's communicative intent. Computational theory.
2. review and planning procedure: failure in one sub-goal or subgoal decision to perform incompatible with the overall goal, forcing the system to review plan and plan a new sequence of actions. The activity in speech production is an activity that involves self-regulation based on the results of previous activities (feedback). Computational theory. Procedures
3. alternative plans: the theories of speech acts based on plans define the capacity of speakers to develop alternative plans that may be appropriate to perform a certain communicative intention. Constituting a model of pragmatic competence. Theory of action.

discourse as a form of cooperative activity as well as intentional, in that any kind of conversation / interaction mental representation is essential that each of the partners of the other forms.

Grice's conversational maxims:
These maxims are quantity, quality, relevance and manner, and based on the principle of cooperation: make your contribution to the conversation of the type required for the purpose of communication in which exchange involved.

Other top complementary
Courtesy: maintenance of self-image of both partners.
Moral: Do not ask the speaker to confidential information.
Charity: suppose that the speaker is not violating the maximum.
Fact: Talk about facts understandable.
Reciprocity act similarly to that seen in their partners.

Meaning of deliberate violation of conversational maxims:
The deliberate violation of the maxims can be interpreted as a very powerful means of expression used by speakers to optimize the probability of success of speech acts in certain communication conditions, such as deception, irony, etc.

concept of mutual understanding or shared (common ground) and mutual belief (mutual Belief) as the regulatory principles of cooperative discourse and effective.
The concept of mutual understanding or shared concerns that speakers and listeners share some information and beliefs about the nature of communicative contributions and the conditions in which they may be acceptable for their current partners.
The concept of mutual belief referred to in the various turns of speech, each one assumes that the listener understands what the speaker intends to say, reinforcing the impression that there is a shared understanding by both. These beliefs, which are checking and securing in successive speech turns, change the initial expectations of speakers.

common knowledge sources: Co-
physical presence of participants in the communicative situation that allows for a common understanding of their perceptual experience. Co-presence
language, ie their joint involvement in a speech in which development and both have representation in each speaking turn modifies the common knowledge.
speaker and listener can be identified as members of a particular social group, whose knowledge allows the realization of certain inferences about what they actually know.

metarrepresentacional order Assumptions:
Common knowledge includes, therefore, information objectively shared by the two partners, but also and above all metarrepresentacional order presuppositions about the beliefs and mutual expectations that partners built around this common knowledge.

Empirical studies on the predictions of Grice's cooperative principle: the referential communication task.
The Grice's cooperation principle predicts that the instructions that speakers give their partners vary in content and in its structure in terms of differences in levels of common knowledge and based on the detection / resolution of them . The task
referential communication, two participants have two separate sets of identical objects, and are separated by an opaque screen. The speaker describes features of an object ahead of the other person to recognize it as a whole. Also gives instructions for the other person to perform actions according to a predefined plan. This task has confirmed the hypothesis, found that as the work progresses, the speakers make mutual adjustments to determine that in a few trials are adopted effective strategies description for each partner.

deixis and PERSPECTIVE

The realization of speech implies, by the subject, an act of enunciation. That is, an act of linguistic self-presentation, as a subject that makes his action in time-space coordinates with a particular attitude. Information regarding such presentation is marked in the texts linguistically through deictic (indicators of person, space and time) and the modalities of enunciation that define and to identify the attitude of uncertainty, possibility, doubt, etc.. , that the speaker takes over his statement. The notion of deixis
expresses a function that connects the speech with its physical context and the common information of the speaker and listener. Allows the listener to identify people, objects and activities referred to implicitly in the discourse, since these references are placed in a spatial and temporal context that the speaker linguistically indicates which has information on the common.

Spatial Deixis:
indicates the physical location on the speaker. Are terms as here, there, etc. The meaning is established through a system of coordinates that relate the reference to a point of context (reference point), which remains implicit in the text.
When the point reference is the speaker himself, the three-dimensional coordinate system is composed of a vertical dimension (in relation to the force of gravity) and two horizontal dimensions (front / rear and right / left, which operate in mirror interactions face to face). The benchmark can also be combined external speaker or external reference point with the reference in itself.

temporary Deixis:
includes terms as before, after, etc. Partners tend to interpret the reference point or is the present moment relatum implementation of the act of speech. So, once again, this is an indicator whose axis is located in the speaker itself or the conditions under which it conducts its business discourse.

speech Deixis:
allows the connection of different parts of speech together. Connecting each speech act and every statement with the speech acts and statements previously issued in this discourse and the representations that they have built the speakers and their partners.
suggests that during the talks, the speakers made contributions at all times operate as contexts in turn for the planning and conduct of subsequent contributions and its contents or form (with-text language).

SPEECH LANGUAGE STRUCTURE AS suprasentential. COHESION, COHERENCE AND RELEVANCE

concept of cohesion and links cohesion:
explains the relationships that occur in the speech. It refers to a set of resources (links cohesion) for linking a sentence with others already presented in the text. This links are:

1. specific morphosyntactic labels: eg, mechanisms of coordination, subordination grammar, etc.
2. Mechanisms such as ellipsis, conjunction, reference and lexical repetition.

textual competence concept:
refers to the cohesion of the text is a property of the linguistic system and can only be understood from the possibilities offered virtually the linguistic system itself is an important expression of ideas. Detailed explanation in the text.

coherence. The plane of consistency:
Refers to textuality will not only be interpreted in terms of their grammatical or semantic relationships, but requires reference to the pragmatic conditions that make the different parts of speech among mutually relevant yes, within a context of intentional communicative and cooperative. Requires the use of a descriptive level more abstract and less linguistic than cohesion (coherence level).

types of consistency: local / global sequential:
local or sequential Consistency: refers to the local connection between ideas under a rule of repetition that links together all the individual propositions of the discourse share arguments. For example, the indices of cohesion, the sequences of speech acts and propositional relations.
global coherence: refers to the overall content or gist of the text, which is extracted through a process of purification, abstraction and elaboration of schemes over the world and outlines the internal organization, both the text itself.

The concept of adjacency pair and communicative exchange:
adjacent Par: ethnomethodologists proposed. Concerns that some interventions of the speakers seem to be contingent on the immediately preceding interventions and can be predicted largely from them.
communicative exchange: Replaces the concept of adjacency pair. They consist of a movement start (prospective and possible) and a response (retrospective, it makes predictions from a previous home movement, but may also have a home).

Concept topic or theme of the texts / discourses and their different definition in terms of different theories:
From a benchmark approach, the topics are interpreted as relatively abstract semantic units that are inferred from the fact that different statements concerning share similar speech, ie say something about a same objects, entities or activities.
From a propositional approach, topics are interpreted as too general and abstract propositions that contain the focus of the speaker or the common denominator for describing a situation or sequence of events as a whole.

topics and macro-structure:
Topics units would be equivalent to the semantic macro-summaries of texts, which are derived inferentially, during production, intent or overall speech act. Thus, production of speech would be interpreted as a process that requires the speaker:

1. The definition of a global speech act (the definition of pragmatic content of the speech).
2. The development of the macro-defining general semantic content of the speech act global, from what the speaker know, remember and interpret as relevant in context.
3. construction from a hierarchy of macro-specific topics that will be the input for the planning of small units such as individual paragraphs or sentences.

Relevance: pragmatic interpretation of the coherence and relevance. Sperber and Wilson.
Refers to that speech will be more coherent if it is more interpretable and more interpretable as more content is related to prior knowledge and respect the maxims of Grice.
According to Sperber and Wilson, both for the listener to the speaker, processing speech appears to be governed by a principle relevant search involving the efficient implementation of operations inferential (deductive type) on the state of prior knowledge of the speaker.

speech processes versus central processes in general, inferential and deductive :

According Sperver and Wilson, communicative activity is governed by criteria of knowledge economy. Thus, the speaker intends to produce the maximum relevance with minimum cognitive effort. The close dependence between the processes of speech production and other processes central cognitive (inferential nature and deductive). They stress that the activity is discursive and conversational character metarrepresentacional, which makes a sharp separation between production and comprehension.

Other aspects of consistency: the semantic macro and contributions after the speaker. The speaker's point of view versus textual format:
speakers' contributions to the discourse can be interpreted as functional units relevant to a topic or previous semantic macro, but these, to be essential to account for contextuality and local coherence of discourse, are inadequate to characterize of global consistency, especially when the texts are planned and executed by a single speaker, monologues and written texts.
From the viewpoint of the speaker, the superstructure determined hierarchically some initial planning decisions of speeches. For example the choice of the central themes of the speech units and the linear arrangement of the subtopics of the text. Also influence decisions during production which is then reflected in the surface organization of the text and some of their language marks.

COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN THE PREPARATION OF SPEECHES

Subjects in their communicative exchanges made representations of people with whom they communicate (their mental states, intentions and knowledge), the situation where they develop these exchanges, the linguistic context or discourse , etc.

types of knowledge: declarative versus procedural:
factual or declarative knowledge: refers to the set of symbolic descriptions (propositional) pertaining to the state of the world or any of their domains. This is a complex knowledge, declaratory, which consists of three elements / components:

1. general or encyclopedic knowledge.
2. knowledge of the communicative situation where you made the speech.
3. Knowledge of world models of the speakers.

Procedural Knowledge: or inference engine that enables operators to link and declarative knowledge. It refers to a set of rules defined in the form of condition-action pairs similar to those described in production systems. The parameters that define and determine the actions are:

1. The pre-conditions or conditions applicable to ensure that the action is given.
2. The effects of the implementation of the action.
3. means enabling the system to execute.

Processes:
The identification of the types of knowledge is necessary but not sufficient for a cognitive explanation of discourse production. Thus, it is necessary to identify the processes using these representations and how involved in real time. These processes are:

1. oral monologues production.
2. production monologues or texts.
3. face to face talks.
4. telephone conversations.

basic lexicon:
Dialogue / monologue:

According to Van Dijk
1. the speech production process begins with the development of a general representation (macro-) containing information of global speech act or communicative intention and the main topic to be developed in the speech.
2. in oral monologues, the speaker should plan the information content and the sequential organization of discourse (the problem of continuity, coherence and relevance), to establish internal control systems of discursive performance, producing his speech in a time sequence moving forward which implies a permanent and limited access messages in memory.

Speech / Text:

1. The writing is a process subject to a greater degree of control by the speaker, the oral composition, as it has more time to organize and edit your messages. The text is physically present and accessible to the subject. The speaker has a single channel for speech (writing), making available not support prosodic or gestural, but in ways more sophisticated language.
2. overall development phases of the writing process are: planning, objective and format text, Envisioning a relevant subject, defining the specific content and order, expression and sequential development of sentences of text in a coherent way local and global.

linguistic and pragmatic competence Competition:
The communicative use of language can be seen as a form of conduct that involves, on one hand the language grammatical processing of sentences, which means, on the speaker, language proficiency, and another, such statements are an acceptable contribution to the objectives of communicative exchange that occurs, which is a pragmatic competence.
internal and external constraints to the subject:
communication through language can be seen primarily as a form of complex activity the planning and execution takes place under constraints, both internal to the subject (the functional organization of language processing system) and external (communicative context demands and conditions it imposes on linguistic behavior).

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