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Psychology of Language Concept Language

relevant articles to section:

• Concept Language
• Psychological Perspective on the Study of Language
• Psychological Processes Language
• Language Perception
• Word Recognition and Comprehension
• Language Understanding
• Speech Understanding
• Language Production
• Language Production and Conversation

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INTRODUCTION

basic duality that characterizes language:
The language is characterized by a basic duality. On one side is so natural and spontaneous in the first year of life and, secondly, it requires great control, complexity and difficulty to be handled in certain situations as learning a second language, mistakes made, etc.
Inaccuracy of any attempt to define the language: Any attempt
language definition is vague because of the multiplicity of perspectives of study, ambiguity or polysemy and blur their boundaries, their conception common.
variety and diversity of disciplines involved:
The study of language is a complex area of \u200b\u200binterest to both the psychology and biology, linguistics, philosophy, sociology, computer science, semiotics, medical sciences and others.
Need to arrange a series of features to analyze the specificity of language:
need to realize a number of features or to analyze the specific features of language, because of the broad definitions lead nowhere.

scientific conceptualization LANGUAGE: DIMENSIONS OF ANALYSIS

Some definitions of language. Similarities and differences between them:
The common conception of language has a great polysemy. There are also many formal definitions of language, but among them there are a number of regularities (from the scientific point of view) and language:

1. be interpreted as a system composed of units (linguistic signs) whose internal organization can be subject of formal or structural description.
2. possible acquisition and use the specific form of agency relationship means (social).
3. is materialized in, and leads to forms specific behavior is interpreted as a behavior.

Basic dimensions that allow analysis of features or characteristics mentioned above:
The three dimensions or components of language definition are:

1. formal or structural dimension: notice how the language system itself. Dimension
2. functional realize what it is the language the user.
3. behavioral dimension: notice how language is used.

formal dimension / structure of language:
The language is interpreted as a system of elements (signals, signs and symbols). A formal code of signs and formal requirements (rules) of combination of these signs. This approach allows the construction of three principles or properties of language: semantic descriptions

1. : relationship between the signifier (physical perception of the subject) and their significance.
2. syntactic conditions where the combinations of signs are acceptable. Descriptions
3. pragmatic conditions where used combinations of signs. Concept

language faculty: body's ability to acquire and use a form (code) language skills in a mode. In humans, this possibility may be the result of cognitive or learning a skill can be seen as species-specific.
functional or communicative dimension of language:
Language development is functionally linked to activities such as communication and social interaction, emotional expression, knowledge of reality, voluntary behavior and rational thought. This dimension requires functional shift attention from the language itself to the user who knows and uses this language, so, this is seen as a symbolic mediator of interaction with our peers.
The language is interpreted as an instrument functionally linked to the spheres of activity of the subjects (emotional, social, cognitive), which relates to the issuer, either the receiver or with the appearance of reality to which it relates.
• behavioral dimension of language: The language
considered a type of behavior / activity / behavior that makes the body. Takes two primary modes of behavior (production and comprehension) that are combined during the conversation. These elementary procedures may be described from the drawings: Neurophysiological

1. : identifying the physiological and neuroanatomical structures. Behavioral
2. Identifies history consistent behavior. Cognitive
3. Identifies internal representations and processes.

Research on language can be done from two perspectives.

• psychological perspective (the one studied in the book). Assumptions:
1. mechanisms of linguistic activity can not be reduced to neurophysiological descriptions.
2. Interest in studying the expressive functions, cognitive and social difficulties that language serves as a support.
• Comparative Perspective. Assumptions:
1. different linguistic systems, resulting from cognitive, social and emotional structures require different and distinct functional systems. Although functionally
2. all language can be assimilated to the scheme described by Bühler, specific modes of language performance may reflect differences between species.

HUMAN LANGUAGE AND OTHER LANGUAGES: STRUCTURAL FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF VERBAL LANGUAGE

Arbitrariness of units and structures:
refers to the independence between signs and referents, between grammatical principles rules regarding the cognitive and social functions played by the linguistic activity. Cultural transmission: each community culture has its own rules and grammar, each language is a special case of language to be learned by their speakers.
constitutive function of the object:
Every culture has its own signs and grammar, that enable a peculiar way to describe objects, events, facts of reality. This feature is accentuated in the hypothesis of linguistic determinism or cultural relativism of Sapir and Shorf.
common formal features:
basic units (sounds, words); rules (which can form sentences and texts), restrictions (regarding the order as the words form sentences) predictive or propositional structure. Universal grammar (Chomsky): certain formal properties of language are universal and specific traits define skills and potentials of the species. Features
linguistic signals:
The oral mode requires two channels (one vocal and one ear), which implies certain anatomical and functional requirements. Physical properties: refers to the parameters of amplitude, frequency, duration, etc., Of the acoustic signal.
internal structure:
There is a double articulation: the language consists of two types of units: phonemes (meaningless) and morphemes (meaningful). Morphemes are a combination of phonemes.
The discrete and continuous:
relevant units (phonemes, words, etc.) Admit a graph discontinuous or discrete, whereas oral transmission involves an acoustic signal of a continuing nature, the listener must be segmented into discrete units . In the graphical representation, these units are combined with rules relevant phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic, all contained in the grammars of each language.
hierarchical and componential organization of linguistic units:
organization fit other parameters messages, which have a continuous nature and suprasegmental, ie prosodic features of the voice for the volume, intonation, etc.

ORAL LANGUAGE FUNCTIONAL

The arbitrary nature of signs, its double articulation and their productivity in verbal language allow a potential function that modulates the expressive, representational function and communicative function .
representational function Features: Scrolling
reference: verbal signs may refer to aspects of present reality, past or future whether real or imaginary. Ie do not need a physical reference to this at the moment.
second signal system: language operates with mental representations of reality, ie meanings that the abstraction of certain properties of objects and giving it a metarrepresentacional.
reference displacement and being a second set of signals transform the language into a general-purpose representational system. Language can be used to talk about himself (reflexivity) causing metalinguistic knowledge. Besides the possibility of analyzing their own behavior is the seed of self-reflexive consciousness.
Language not only represents reality, it also describes its properties and qualified to represent the same reality and constitutes an analytical system of representation.
Other features would be the ambiguity of language statements, connotations that modulate the meaning of words, transgression (reality distortion), inconsistencies in the information. Features
communicative function:
The verbal system is a biological or natural communication, specializing in the transmission of meaningful information that is relevant from the viewpoint of adaptive and behavioral.
Such information can take place both interpersonal and intrapersonal, serving as an important instrument of self-regulation of the activity.
declarative language function: the designation is a unique feature of human communication, which gives it its specificity compared to other communication systems.
Language is more than a simple transmission mechanism. Thus, in the Shannon and Weaver model of communication exchange is interpreted as situations where a sender encodes the message and a receiver decodes. Stressing the intentional nature of human linguistic activity and the interpretation of intended meaning and not just a reference.
Verbal language is a redundant communication system, where grammatical signals involving the repetition of the same communicative content within the message. This redundancy determines the easy language predictivity of the listener.

LANGUAGE FEATURES OF VERBAL BEHAVIOR

Special freedom in speech production.
linguistic behavior implies that no dependency relationships necessary for the stimuli, and that individuals can take their linguistic responses independently seeking emotional and cognitive components the message. For these reasons, the linguistic behavior is considered a prototypical case of intelligent behavior, intentional and purposeful, the realization presupposes the establishment of goals and objectives.
interchangeability of roles and feedback.
linguistic activity has the characteristics of interchangeability of roles between sender and receiver, and the need to complete the face feedback to continue the conversation.

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Psychological Perspective on the Study of Language Language

INTRODUCTION

Types debate that characterized the language until the nineteenth century:
refers to the grammatical and philosophical reflections on whether the ideas of language support and understanding were innate or acquired by sensory experience, whether or not it is thought possible without the language, if language emerged in humans in response to a psychological need (communication) or sociological (collaboration), if the first words were derived or natural sounds, imitation, etc..

Explain if any of them are somehow existing in current psychology: According to Lounsbury
threads on these issues, which served the controversy between abnormal and analog, concealing a theological debate, that is natural or supernatural origin of language. From Humboldt
language is considered integral to the human species, revealing yet serves to support mental activity, and there as long as anyone can recreate it in each new act of speech.

Contributions Von Humboldt, Wundt and Saussure. Why can say that these are the authors introduce a psychological perspective in the study of language? What do they contribute to the conceptualization of language and what is the vision or the same approach is replaced by a new one? Humboldt starts
modern scientific study of language and its relation to psychology:

1. By linguistic distinction (distinction between ergon enérgeia product and power), breaks the traditional interpretation assimilating language to a mere packaging, static and self-enclosed, with which to convey ideas and concepts. The term logos no longer seen as mere addition of words to become a component of human mental activity becomes a process. The language is not limited to specific productions, but is defined by the possibility of countless others.
2. Language is a power inherent to the human species that supports mental activity, and exists as anyone can recreate it in every speech act. Humboldt psychologizing into his conceptualization of language, to question the possibility of delinking the study of other mental processes influenced the rise of modern linguistics and psychology. Wundt

interprets the language as a collective process of interest to the folk psychology, said while the idea of \u200b\u200blanguage as an individual process explained by the general psychology / experimental.
Saussure said the idea that language should be considered a branch of general psychology, showing how the scientific study of language needed psychological contributions.

THE RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE

FEATURES

approach to the research program of the psychology of language:

• Interest in the subject. Nature
• procedures empirical validation of theories.
• nature of its object of study (language and linguistic activity) and its complexity scientific.

the psychological precursors of language:

• The abandonment of the interpretations that identified language as a closed set of signs whose function would be the label of a pre-existing mental or physical reality. Vision
language
• near a generating capacity or activity of both signs and ideas.

Interest in the subject and the explanation of linguistic activity:

• From a psychological perspective, language is conceived as a phenomenon whose existence, nature and genesis is closely related to the organisms that possess (the humans).
• Language can be interpreted in psychological terms, as a power that emerges in, or who have certain types of organisms (human species) from certain of their biological properties and inner psychic.

Justification for the Psychology of Language in that branch or discipline of scientific psychology What she shares with her?:

• language under investigation is typical psychological, first because it is a phenomenon that is part repertoires of skills and natural behavior of some organisms (humans), and second because it makes possible the subjects that have particular forms of relationship and action with their environment or reality.
• 's interest in the psychological perspective to explain language as a human capacity is indirect support in experimental studies reveal a concern for the explanation of the macrogénesis (capacity of the species) and microgenesis (personnel) and an interest the functional relationship of language and linguistic behavior with other abilities and behaviors.

Why, however, should not be considered in the Psychology of Language as a mere extension of scientific explanations of other forms of behavior?:
A psychology is not interested in language as a finished product itself or closed. Interested in that language is acquired, used, and is functional in subjects and bodies of different species and among them, and particularly so in the human species. The Psychology of Language
has committed and differentiated research content within the field of psychological research. These contents are divided into three cores:

1. study the production and comprehension of language (in monologues and conversations and in different forms of language, and verbal / oral, no-verbal/no-oral, etc.).
2. study of cognitive functions, communication, etc., played by language and serve to support their acquisition and use.
3. The study of acquisition processes and deterioration of the functions and modalities of linguistic activity. That is, the language in developmental and pathological aspects. Nature

empirical psychological research and methodological strategies of language. General methodological alternatives Psychology of Language:

• Since the main objective of the Psychology of Language is to offer explanatory models of linguistic behavior, referring to an actual user, you need to have actual data from the users and verified empirically. Yet the characteristics and peculiarities of human language requires the design of experimental situations and establishment of specific parameters.
• The psychology of language identifies its primary objective to study the language and activity. Thus, unlike other disciplines are more focused on internal organization of language (which they anchor their validation criteria formal criteria strictly empirical), while establishing a branch of scientific psychology. Justify

psychology of language in that empirical science:
As a branch of scientific psychology, psychology of language is an empirical discipline based on observation, measurement and verification of real language behavior of individuals, in order to develop general principles of explanation and identification of different linguistic forms.
Another important aspect of the psychology of language is the analysis of the approaches in relation to its subject matter and in relation to the empirical procedures and theories.
plans or levels of description of the psychology of language considered as alternative explanation of the activity human language: Plano

• physical or neurobiological, involves the analysis of the substrate material on which sits the language skills and linguistic activity, both in terms of macro (central and peripheral systems and developmental stages) and microstructure (neurons or groups of neurons). Plano
• behavior: interest directly observable actions that manifest the speakers' linguistic skills. These events require a theoretical and conceptual framework itself strictly psychological. The task of the psychologist would describe the response in terms of language topography, frequency / intensity, its antecedents and consequences. Plano
• intentional descriptions: the language can be interpreted as an instrument of representation of reality and interpersonal communication, referring to a reality different from yours and whose description is based on the use of psychological mental powers relating to ideas, beliefs, wishes or expectations of the subjects. Allows the description of both propositional or semantic content of the messages and the activities of language users. Moreover statements or utterances are not under external control both the circumstances of the control environment as it of intentional attitudes of individuals who produce or interpret. Plano
• computer descriptions: the linguistic activity is the result of applying a set of mental processes (rules or specific computer algorithms) on symbolic representations unobservable (mental language) that involve specific knowledge (language / grammar) and other more general.

Why is it absolutely necessary, at least in its current state, to provide various levels of descriptions?
There is no single psychological approach, theoretically homogeneous, the study language, nor a single way of doing psychology of language, rather there are so many psychology of language as modes of explanation have been developed in scientific psychology. Thus, the description of linguistic activity is done from different levels.

OBSERVATIONAL METHODOLOGY

What is?
refers to the observation of linguistic behavior as it occurs in the presence of the researcher, and participate or not in the situation. When observation applies to oneself is called introspection.
What are the precautions to be taken into account in applying this methodology to the study of language and why?
influence on language performance of certain variables of the context requires methodological precautions to ensure the replicability of the observations.
Due to the existence of inter and intra-individual differences, control mechanisms are needed to ensure the representativeness of such language samples obtained in relation to the repertoire of the subject and its interpretation as an example of behavior is not accidental.
What are its limitations and its advantages over the experiment?

• to describe and classify the different forms of activity of the subjects and hypothetical relationships between variables. Allows
• narrow the range of linguistic behavior that can be performed by members of the human species under different conditions (evolutionary, diagnostic, etc.) And language functions and activities of the subjects.
• allows identification of regularities and the limits of language performance of individuals and species.
• not allow direct testing of causal hypotheses.
• data to describe and classify the different forms of activity of the subjects, relationships between variables associated to its realization, exploration and description of individual and group differences, but does not allow causal hypotheses.
• Systematic observation involves the selection, registration and coding target a set of behaviors of the organisms in order to achieve certain theoretical purposes.

hypothetical-deductive method

Characteristics and phases:
The experimental methodology is characterized by the application of hypothetical-deductive method, with the first phase of development of hypotheses about those aspects of reality that constitute its object study, a phase of deduction in relation to the type of comments you expect to find, and a phase of checking the validity of their assumptions and deductions by experiment.
The experiment is an artificial and controlled situation where you manipulate the independent variable and observed its effects on the dependent variable, keeping other variables controlled foreign calls. If it is not possible to manipulate VI, then it is a study by selection.
Explain the four problems presented in relation to the study of language difficulty
develop hypotheses about the mechanisms and systems involved in linguistic behavior sufficiently to generate accurate empirical predictions.
difficulty in the interpretation and generalization of the results of statistical tests to other groups of subjects and materials other than those used in the experiments.
difficulty using the experimental methodology in the field of language production, compared to its ease of use in understanding processes. This asymmetry is negative at the time of elaborate theories of integration of linguistic activity. Difficulty
sufficient control of contextual conditions where the activity is linguistic.
Why was considered that the pilot study comprehension and production have a very different problem?
Refers to the requirement of control (elimination of extraneous variables, consistency of values, etc..) In the case of language is incompatible with the nature of the research object, especially as more molars are intentional aspects of behavior of interest to the researcher.

SIMULATION

describe what this method, assessing what brings on experimental and observational methods:
While observational and experimental methods that allow data to develop scenarios come from living organisms in the simulation data is provided by a computer. It is equipped with a database of features and programs that solve tasks of language production and comprehension (simulation of human language.) It is based on the concept of mind-computer functional equivalence.
The simulation operates similarly to an experiment. Thus, handling and storage systems function programs, noting its effects on linguistic behavior produced by the computer.
The simulation has the advantage, in relation to observation and experimentation, that its goal is a form of intelligent activity such as language, involving the use of complex systems of knowledge to be reviewed and updated in line with external and internal variables.
Why in the last decades, often used for simulation?
The development of computational paradigm and technology of building computers.
The need to study more complex and contextualized forms of linguistic activity (production and comprehension consistent.)

CONDUCT THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE: SUMMARY

• Plans neurobiological, behavioral, intentional and computational refer to classes of phenomena irreducible to one another, but must be seen as compatible with regard to the psychological explanation of linguistic activity.
• The preference for a level of description or another, and the inclusion / exclusion of components of the linguistic activity determines the theoretical approach to the scientific study of language. The integrated study of blueprints and components set the work of current cognitive psychology.

• components of knowledge bases indicate the core of cognitive psychologists interested in the study of knowledge representation and AI generally.
• components represent processing mechanisms explanations cognitive / mentalist language. Whether intentional language (meaning-focused) and the computer.
• neurobiological substrate components define the disciplinary field of cognitive neuropsychology of language. Compact neural mechanisms are linked to language functions to which is an innate character. Equipotential neural mechanisms are functionally linked to other domains more general (non-linguistic) of the subject's activity. The level
• of overt behavior would place the contributions of behaviorism.

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