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Production

INTRODUCTION

The ability to speak is a distinctive and enigmatic features of the human species. Nevertheless, as the analysis of the principles governing speech is an essential component of language activity, the language production has been a little known.
The reason is the difficulty of using experimental methods. Thus, the researcher deals with a process that is observable only in the last phase. You can not control variables influencing the input (ideas, beliefs, etc.), Or restrict types of responses to the subject, without limiting the validity of their conclusions. In any case it will have an output (the string of sounds that constitute speech) that it is observable and measurable.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE TYPES OF PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF LANGUAGE

Psychological / cognitive (mental faculties horizontal)
During speech activity the subject must select the content of their messages from activated representations in memory, ie, attentional processes, motivational and memory in general and unspecific nature of domain . At the same time the selection of a representation as linguistic content of a message involves performing certain mental operations on the representation.

Linguistic / grammatical
When subjects communicate through language, using combinations of linguistic signs that can be interpreted by their partners, ie construct meaningful sentences and grammatically acceptable, non-random series of words.

Communicative / instrumentals:
speech is also an instrumental activity, as subjects of linguistic forms issue they consider most effective in every moment of social interaction and communication process with social consequences, which is influenced by factors pragmatists such as intentional communicative goals of the speaker, the social context where it occurs, knowledge of partners on itself, etc.

generic phases or stages of language production. Characterization of each. Levelt's model: Levelt
proposes a cognitive model of the production process. According to him there are three stages or processing components

1. planning or conceptualization stage, the subjects selected the communicative content of his message. These activities are intentional, though not necessarily conscious. The result is the development of an information packet called prelinguistic message. This phase occurs in the conceptualizer.
2. linguistic encoding phase or formulation: the prelinguistic message is translated into a linguistic format. Involves the use of language and grammar. Requires the progressive specification of the structural units (phrases, words, etc.) Who will address the speech to set the phonetic plan or representation of the ordered set of linguistic units that make up the prayer. The result of this phase is the phonetic plan or internal speech.
3. peripheral or joint processes: it is not necessary for the internal language. Linguistic representations that make up the phonetic plan are translated into a code or motor plan that starts the sequence of movements of the muscular structures involved in speech production. A motor execution of such acts called speech production.

The model also provides a feedback loop through the speech comprehension system, which influences the conceptualizer. Feedback may arise from phonetic plan or inner speech, and from the speech says, coming into play hearing systems.

difference between speech production and speech production:
Speech production refers to the execution of motor plan or sequence of movements of the muscular structures involved in the articulation of sounds, while production of language speech production involves more stages of conceptualization and formulation.

Alternatives to address the production of language by a psycholinguistic theory:
functionalist approach:

1. Speech is an act that involves intentional and instrumental extralinguistic elements such as the issuer and its attitudes and propositional referential content of their messages.
2. psychological explanation assumes that the speech should include an analysis of the processes of linguistic coding of messages and one of the most central processes prior conceptualization.
3. is assumed that non-linguistic factors (perceptual salience, relevance, communication, etc.) can influence encoding processes modifying certain aspects of linguistic form of messages.

formalistic approach:

1. The formulation of the messages is done through independent computational processes involved in intentional decision to perform an act of speech.
2. The psychological explanation of the speech should be limited to the definition of specific formal operations the system performs to construct the messages, ie, operations involving the use of grammatical information.
3. is assumed that production processes are identical sentences, whether they are true and false, effective or not, since its functioning following a course invariant only determined by the grammar.

Tradition versus psychological linguistic
psychological tradition for the functionalist approach, and the formal language.

criteria structuring of this field in separate models that address the production of sentences and texts and speeches:
From the 60's, due to the development of the linguistic context, the interest in analyzing more molar units of representation and computer simulation techniques, there was a shift towards the study of discourse production (multioracionales sequences).
models of speech production based on the assumption that the need to string sentences in a discourse involves operations and types of information that in no case are gathered in a production model sentences. Using computer simulation as a method to them closer to the studies of artificial intelligence to Experimental Psychology.
Due to the influence of Chomsky, studies now focus on the production of individual sentences, responses context-that seem most appropriate in modeling functional architecture of language processing.
In the production of sentences, to be issued a single sentence or a set of them chained in a speech not change the nature of the operations involved in the construction of individual sentences and fit better in the use of observational and experimental methods.

CONCEPTUAL PLANNING MESSAGES

Macro-and micro-processes messages:
The end result of the coordinated implementation of macro and micro process is called post-verbal representation of the sentence, corresponding representation in its linguistic formulation, the representation of the deep structure of generative grammar. Macro-Processes
:

1. planning processes include global discourse.
2. are responsible for the selection of content and global structure of discourse and rhetorical style, as well as defining the semantic and pragmatic contents of groups of individual utterances of speech and their relative order in the sequence it linear.
3. also other processes that affect the development of representations of individual speech utterances, such as those involved in the selection of the basic information content of the statements and the processes responsible for the selection and establishment of relations between predicates and arguments (specification of the thematic structure of the message).

micro processes:
apply directly to the construction of individual statements, would be responsible for outlining the specific structural decisions arising from previous decisions. Thus, these processes are examples of specific linguistic form presentation of the referents of the sentence, the perspective from which the various thematic groups should be presented, the position of lexical items in sentence (linearization) and the time and manner verbs.

markers input concept (I-marker):
protoverbales units are representations of elements and relationships between elements, which contain conceptual information without further words, but do contain specific information about how they built the linguistic statements therefore distinguish pre-theoretical notions are more general and abstract as the meaning or intent of message. The Input-markes
, with grammatical rules (in relation, matching, intonation, phonological) form the model of Schlesinger.

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