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Psychological Processes

INTRODUCTION

ON THE CONCEPT OF PROCESS IN PSYCHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE

types of basic questions and priorities for the psychology of language, causes (disagreements basically) for which at present have not yet received satisfactory answers from the same:
basic questions and priority psychology Language is made and causes of current problems that have not yet received a response: What happens when we understand and produce language? How do we use linguistic knowledge to decode speech sounds in ideas and codify our ideas into words and sounds? What are the processes we use to implement these activities? Seems due to general philosophical problems.
There is no agreement among psychologists about what constitutes psycholinguistic process, which must be the unit of analysis of linguistic behavior and what are the mechanisms that account for the operation of the processes involved in language. This general problem is decomposed into more specific, derived from the descriptive level types (multidimensional) involved.

Problems of the different levels involved:
Language is a physical activity (baseline) that is exercised by anatomical structures such as ears, eyes, respiratory tract and vocal production. Also a neural substrate (neurons, synapses, etc..) Related to autonomous systems responsible for the implementation of linguistic processes.
language is an intelligent and intentional behavior (middle). The relevant dimension is the nature representational or symbolic, that is, their ability to refer to objects, situations and experiences outside the language, and convey intentions, thoughts and desires above the animals.
Language is a communication skills (level close to deliberate, but independent), ie its ability to transmit information between speaker and listener and share experiences and private attitudes and inaccessible to direct observation.

COGNITIVE APPROACH IN THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE ACTIVITY

features mentalist or cognitive approach. Characterization of the subject in this approach: Consider
linguistic activity a set of mental phenomena arising from the language, that is, procedures that allow us and use (performance) our system of language knowledge (competence), a system of abstract processes that operates on the information represented in the competition and other systems (mental or cognitive mode).
The distinctive features of mental or cognitive approach are two:

1. The human subject is active, makes environmental stimuli, organizing its activities according to plans and strategies that guide their behavior, so behavior is not determined only in the middle.
2. behavior is organized in a hierarchical and recursive schemes through structures and processes and internal representations. Ie, rules with its own internal logic. Concept

process and concept of representation:
mental process means any operation which, applied on a mental state input (input), occurs as a result (output) a different mental state. This includes any activity that requires mediation of mental representations.
representation: the language can be defined in terms of a representation that the subject makes of reality, so the reference can be released immediately.

types of information processing system:
processing system uses linguistic information (semantic, syntactic, lexical, phonological), extra-linguistic (knowledge of the world, the location, etc..) And specific treatment this information.

TWO PARADIGMS OF EXPLANATION OF psycholinguistic processes

Paradigms explanation of the psycholinguistic processes:
Classic approach: computational or information processing. Computer metaphor and analogy:

1. mental processes work as a computer operations. Here are internal states (computer), and a series of instructions that allow the change from one state to another. The properties of mental states / computer are those concerning the organization of the elements / primitive symbols of the system and not the content of these symbols.
2. elements of the metaphor: The human mind (= computer) is seen both as a physical system (brain and mind in the computer hardware) and an abstract mechanism of information processing (software). Where receive a status input, a channel (= mind) and an exit status or output. Functionalism
3. against behaviorism and physicalism, functionalism According
   1. mental events (processes and representations) are defined under the causal roles they play in the cognitive system. It is opposed to behaviorism (defender of functionalism based on stimulus control of behavior) and physicalism (for every mental event is reducible to biological basis supporting it.)
   2. cognitive processes are described using flow diagrams of components, where each process is the mediator between a representation of input and output representation.
4. concepts of representation and process in classical and computational approach:
   1. Performances: mental states characterized by the provision that members adopt the elements (information structures) of representations. For example, a process of understanding is structured syllables phonological representations, syntactic and conceptual representations.
   2. Processes: the system executes instructions to convert a representation into another outlet. For example, a syntactic representation becomes another coupling conceptual semantic roles to syntactic constituents, in order to perform the function played in prayer. Focus

connectionist (or parallel distributed processing), McClelland and Rumelhart:

1. The cognitive system or network is a set of representation units (nodes) interconnected transmitting excitatory and inhibitory activity, transmit and receive influence. The system state is defined under the general pattern of activation of the network nodes. This pattern may be modified based on events that modify the activation of nodes, resulting in the spread (analogous to neurons in the SN).
2. symbolic and subsymbolic levels:
   1. representation units (Nodes) do not correspond to natural classes (phonemes, syllables, etc.).. Thus it is said that connectionist models do not operate with symbols, but more molecular units (microrrasgos) subsymbolic systems they are.
   2. The system consists of structured representations and structure of the representations does not constrain the computations performed by the system. Connectionist model is not computational. Concepts
3. node, weight, activation and connectivity patterns:
   1. Weight: coefficient that multiplies the input node activation from units that supply information. Semantically related words have greater weight.
   2. Node: display units that transmit interconnected network activity. Can be input, internal, and output. The output reflects the overall level of activation and corresponds to the state or representation of the system at the end of the process.
   3. Activation: The process that is "excited" for each node. Activation spreads between nodes through the process of spreading activation. The activation process is gradual, ie, propagates and decays slowly.
   4. connectivity pattern: refers to a kind of map that the overall pattern of activation creates between different network nodes (entry domestic output).
Questions

basic cognitive perspective (computational and connectionist models)
physical signal linguistic representation: the need to explain how to transform the physical signals of speech and language in mental representations them in physical signals.
Criteria for identification of different types of psycholinguistic processes: the need to clarify to what extent some other processes are independent. This problem of specificity of language brings us to the hypothesis of the architectural organization of language processing system, ie the relationships between the various processes of action.
identification or expression of propositional attitudes. The problem of intentionality: the need to account for propositional processes also involve the construction of representations of propositional meaning of the statement, the planning of communicative intention that this statement expresses. These functions (third order) are only possible thanks to the language, due to the nature of this meta-representational system of symbols.
allocation of resources or the problem of cognitive control of linguistic behavior. Controlled versus automatic mechanisms: more resources are allocated processing to the interpretation of the meaning of the structural aspects and linguistic activity is based on binding machines and mechanisms, with little conscious and voluntary control, while another part of the activity makes use of more rational and thoughtful arrangements.

LEVELS OF PROCESSING IN THE USE OF LANGUAGE

The language comprehension and production of complex processes or activities are constituted by an integrated set of processes and representations that operate at different levels of processing.

general concept of functional architecture language processing system:
language processing are considered analogous to an assembly line, and the representations used by the processor is equivalent to the assembled parts and processes of the sector correspond to assembly operations. The integrated system of processes that constitute the language processor called
system architecture relevant issues in architecture of the system:
The reference to the structure or architecture (available processing components in the system) processor language. Features: Autonomy versus

1. interaction.
2. global versus modular architecture.
The

regarding the functioning of the processes (operations psycholinguistic nature and time course of action.)

Main features of the autonomous model of language processing. Concept of seriality: subsystems self

Organization Hierarchical structure of threads. Sequential operation: one-way information flow: bottom-up perception and understanding, and top-down in production.
verification of communication between subsystems is achieved by these products, ie, representations arising from its computations.
The concept of serialization refers to the hierarchical organization of threads, each receiving information from the previous. Thus the one-way information flow runs upwards (bottom-up) in perception and understanding, and down (top down) in production.

interactive model features:
mutual interaction of the subsystems (rejects autonomy): the higher-order processes can, through feedback, submit information to the lower-order processes.
context information is permanently accessible to any process, and can influence in any stage of processing. Character
parallel / simultaneous linguistic processes (rejects the serial character.)
Each subsystem can make use of available information, originating at higher levels, thus ease of access to lexical representations, the more influence on phonetic identification. Top-down influence. The semantic information can facilitate parsing of the sentence.

concept of modularity versus globality and its application to language processing:
Modular Architecture: The cognitive system consists of three processors:

1. sensory transduction systems, which convert physical energy into mental representations.
2. entry systems or modules, which are special-purpose processors, whose function is to obtain a representation of the distal stimuli from the information of the transducers.
3. central systems or general purpose, that integrate information from the modules and perform intelligent tasks such as fixation of belief, inference, reasoning, decision-making.

Advantages of modularity: Economy

1. Cognitive modules operations take place automatically, so you have low cognitive load, allowing more resources to other activities.
2. "Accident": While an abnormal operating module does not affect other modules.

Modular System features:

1. domain specificity (range): each system uses modular specific information not shared with other modular systems, nor central systems. Encapsulation
2. information: each modular system performs the operations that are entrusted with complete independence from other systems (modular or core), without influence from them.
3. Mandatory: modular systems work on a mandatory basis, ie not mediated by automatic or voluntary processes, once they receive an appropriate stimulus input.
4. Speed: modules operate at a speed exceeding that of other cognitive systems, as they apply to very limited information analysis (eccentric) and do not get influenced by others. Superficiality
5. computer: representations of output modules are incomplete characterization of the stimuli that the cognitive system recognizes and identifies or full survey is carried out only in the central systems.
6. Innatism: systems exhibit a peculiar pattern of ontogenetic development, as determined by biological maturation. This development is displayed independent of other core capabilities.
7. neural Compactness: the modular systems are physically carried in a fixed neural architecture, located in the brain and composed of circuits and neural connections invariant. Guidelines
8. impairment: abnormalities of the modules have a specific and selective, unlike the central systems. Within a module, these changes may affect some components and not others.

Notion of horizontal faculties: the subject performs different operations on the information it receives, regardless of their nature. Thus, some operations such as attention, perception, imagination or memory is made regardless of sensory modality.
Global Architecture: understand the mind as a processing unit. Anderson draws a functional map of faculties such as attention, perception, memory, etc., Applied to all kinds of information the system uses. Anderson's arguments in favor of the unitary character:

1. Genetic: Part of our intelligent capabilities (language, etc.) Are complex skills are acquired through experience. Thus, there is no consideration of special powers. Ontogenetic
2. : humans we show great plasticity in acquiring these skills, which means they can not be preset in the architecture of our minds. Structural
3. : cognitive skills have many properties in common, indicating a set of cognitive principles that govern both the nuclear constitution of our cognitive faculties as their mode of operation.

production systems: a rule that specifies the relationship between an antecedent and consequent or condition or action, so that the implementation of the rule requires prior satisfaction of their application status. Pairs are also called action status. Defined:

1. Condition: IF the goal is X,
2. Action: THEN the action to take is Y.

In relation to language, is seen as a case of joint operation of the entire cognitive system.
independent models could be identified with a modular and interactive models with a global concept, but this identification is not necessary for two reasons:

1. The modular concept manifests itself neutral in relation to the internal organization of the modules. Thus a modular architecture supports a characterization interactive language processes.
2. modular architecture is not incompatible with a parallel organization of threads.

The only limitation of modular systems would be the absence of contextual influence in interactive performance of each modular subsystem. Thus, if one adopts a modular view of language performance, at least the phonological decoding processes, word recognition and syntactic analysis must be preserved extralinguistic influences.
it possible to speak of two levels of definition of mental architecture:

1. macroscopic level: it distinguishes a number of cognitive abilities either in terms of the cognitive domain in which each operates (language, vision, etc.), Either other considerations (literacy, musical skills, etc.).
2. microscopic level, which analyzes the basic processing components it breaks down each faculty: the language, phonological processes, lexical, syntactic and semantic.

LINGUISTIC PROCESSES IN THE ACTIVITY OR USE OF LANGUAGE

Processes linguistic activity or use of language:
processes of language comprehension and production can be framed into three general levels: Level

1. Peripheral which includes perceptual and motor processes.
2. Intermediate: a linguistic one, covering processes lexical, syntactic and semantic.
3. central level or inference, including both linguistic and extralinguistic information.

peripheral processes:
The subject receives a physical stimulus, ie a verbal emission (a combination of acoustic cues) it is necessary to decode the identified phonemes that make up the statement, but also have to code when it issues a message. These processes and joint acoustic-phonemic.
intermediate processes:
From an abstract representation of speech sounds, the listener recognizes the lexical units that make up the statement. Lexical processes start from the semantic representations of words in memory. The recognition of words allows the listener to an analysis of syntactic structure that leads to a semantic analysis of each unit and the interpretation of the global significance of the statement.
central or inferential processes:
in the planning and interpretation of statements includes an indirect process of interpretation of verbal messages (language declarative, interrogative, ironic, etc..), Which refers to the communicative intent of the message. Thus, speech acts are interpreted the messages transmitted and through which we try to influence the mental state and behavior of the interlocutor.
Includes speech processes that allow the listener to integrate information to form a global representation of the meaning of the speech. The speaker must plan in advance the general content of the speech. This is the level of the message and inferential processes.

Basics:

• function.
• Mechanism.
• structure.
• Process (classic approach): any operation, applied on a mental state input (input), occurs as a result (output) a different mental state. This includes any activity that requires the mediation of mental representations. For example, a syntactic representation becomes another coupling conceptual semantic roles to syntactic constituents.
• Procedure.
• Scheme.
• Rule.
• Representation.
• propositional attitude: it refers to a non-literal meaning that statements include, so the listener has to interpret the speaker's communicative intent, the speech acts that convey messages and allow subjects to perform actions symbolic face to influence mental states and behavior of partners.
• Modularity.
• Serial versus parallel.

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